Exam 2 Review
Material – Physical Geology
Terms:
angular unconformity cross-cutting
relationships disconformity half-life isotope parent isotope daughter product (or
isotope) nonconformity absolute (numerical) age unconformity uniformity
(uniformitarianism) superposition radioactive decay angle of dip anticline brittle behavior compressive stress dip-slip fault ductile fault fold footwall hanging wall left-lateral
(right-lateral) fault oblique-slip fault |
reverse fault shear stress strike strike-slip fault syncline tensional stress aftershock body wave elastic rebound theory epicenter focus intensity magnitude moment magitude P-wave surface wave tsunami continental drift asthenosphere convection mantle plume plate convergent plate boundary divergent plate boundary |
subduction seafloor spreading transform plate boundary orogeny terrane craton isostasy Pangea guyot mid-ocean ridge ocean trenches fracture zone hot spot mantle plume |
1.What are hot
spots/mantle plumes? What plate
movement information do they give? (ex
Hawaii Island chain)
2.How do we
learn about the topography of the ocean floor?
3.Tectonically,
what is unique about Iceland?
4.What did
Wegener use as evidence to support his theory of continental drift?
5.What mechanism
did he propose to drive continental drift?
6.What
information did Wegener lack to have a more complete theory?
7.What is the
typical rate of seafloor spreading and plate movement?
8.How did
magnetic anomalies on the seafloor provide evidence of plate movement?
9.Where is the
youngest and oldest seafloor with respect to mid-ocean ridges and
trenches?
10.
What
are the three
basic types of plate boundaries?
11.
What
are two types of
divergent plate boundaries; What are
specific geographic examples of these?
12.
What
are three types
of convergent plate boundaries; what are specific geographic examples
of these?
13.
What
are two examples
of transform boundaries?
14.
What
is the principle mechanism of plate tectonics?
Explain how it works.
15.
What
is the
supercontinent that included North and South America, Europe, and
Africa?
16.
What
are geologic
features associated with each type of plate boundary?
17.
Where
would you find
volcanic activity? And in which
boundaries?
18.
What
type of stress
is associated with each type of boundary?
What type of faulting would occur?
19.
Where
do we find the
oldest portions of continents? The
youngest?
20.
What
are Benioff
(trench-earthquake) zones? And what
evidence did they
contribute to plate tectonics?
21.
What
are five
processes of mountain building?
22.
What
is the
difference between catastrophism and uniformitarianism?
23.
What
was James
Hutton’s contribution to understanding geologic time?
24.
What
is the
difference between relative and absolute geologic ages?
25.
What
are some
principles to follow when figuring out relative geologic ages?
26. How are absolute
geologic ages calculated?
27.
What
are the three
major types of geologic structures?
28.
What
is the
difference between brittle & ductile behavior? What is an example
of each?
29.
What
are the 2
measurements taken to establish the orientation of a rock layer in the
field?
30.
What
are the 2 major
classes of faults? What type of fault
is a combination of the two?
31.
What
are the two
varieties of dip-slip fault?
32.
What
are the two
varieties of strike-slip fault?
33.
What
are the three
types of stress called? What structures
does each type of stress produce?
34.
How do
earthquakes
occur?
35.
What
types of seismic
waves do earthquakes generate? Which is fastest? Which
causes the most damage?
36.
Which
seismic waves
help to pinpoint an earthquake’s location?
37.
What
is the
difference in amplitude with each increment increase in an earthquakes
magnitude? The difference in energy?
38.
What
are major
sources of damage in earthquakes?
39.
How
many seismic
stations does it take to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? Why?
40. How is the magnitude scale different from the Mercalli intensity scale? How is each useful?
41.
Name
the geologic time periods in order from earliest to most recent. Write out an original mnemonic device to help
remember the order of the time periods.