Geology 300, Exam 1 Review Material – Physical Geology (chapters 1-7, 17)

Terms:

crust mantle core iron meteorites stony meteorite carbonaceous chondrite silica tetrahedron atom atomic mass number atomic number atomic weight chain silicate structure cleavage crystal form density luster element electron feldspar group hardness ion sheet silicate structure mineral neutron nucleus proton pyroxene silicates streak basalt

batholith Bowen’s reaction series coarse-grained dike fine-grained gabbro granite extrusive rock igneous rock intermediate rock or magma intrusion lava mafic rock or magma magma mantle plume (hot spot) pluton rhyolite rock cycle felsic (silicic) rock or magma sill xenolith caldera cinder cone composite volcano obsidian porphyritic

pahoehoe aa pumice pyroclastic flow shield volcano vesicle (vesicular) viscosity chemical weathering clay mineral exfoliation dome frost wedging hematite mechanical weathering chert bedding cementation chemical sedimentary rocks clastic sedimentary rocks compaction clay coal conglomerate cross-bedding evaporite fossil gravel limestone

lithification mud cracks pore space ripple marks sand sandstone sedimentary structure shale silt environment of deposition contact metamorphism foliation gneiss hydrothermal metamorphism marble metamorphic grade parent rock quartzite regional metamorphism schist slate seismic reflection seismic refraction seismic shadow zone

Review chapters 1-7, 17

1. What is the scientific method?
2. What are the basic particles that make up an atom?
3. What information does a chemical formula give?
4. What are the 8 most common elements in Earth’s crust?
5. How did the solar system develop from a gas cloud?
6. Geologists generally agree that Earth is how old?
7. From where does this information come?
8. What are the two general types of meteorites?
9. What information do meteorites in general give about Earth? (2 pieces of information)
10. What are the three basic layers of Earth?
11. What layers are found in Earth’s core?
12. How do geologists know what layers exist in Earth’s interior?
13. What is the geologic definition of a mineral?
14. What are four families of minerals?  What is distinguishing about these mineral families?  Which mineral family is the most abundant on Earth?
15. What is the basic structure of all silicate minerals?  What elements make up this structure?
16. How do silicate mineral groups increase in complexity related to bonding of silicate tetrahedral?
17. What are various ways we can identify minerals?  Can you give an example?
18. What is the rock cycle?  (can you draw it?) 
19. Briefly, what are the three families of rocks, and how do we define them, generally?
20. What are igneous rocks?
21. Where do we find igneous rocks?  What terms do we call igneous rocks that are found at and beneath the surface?
22. By what two criteria can we identify most igneous rocks?
23. What are differences between mafic and felsic magmas and rocks?
24. What are other textures (besides grain size) that are common in igneous rocks?
25. What are three basic types of volcanoes?  What are differences between these volcanoes?  What are examples of these types of volcanoes?
26. In which types of crust do the two different compositions of magma occur?
27. What are some types of basaltic lava flows?
28. What are some types of pyroclastic fragments?
29. What are examples of different types of volcanic intrusions?
30. How does a batholith form? (how did the granitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada form?)
31. How do caldera’s form?
32. Where on Earth’s crust is volcanic activity likely to occur?
33. What are examples of physical weathering?  Chemical weathering?
34. Why are the oceans salty?
35. What are the two main categories of sedimentary rock?
36. What are the varieties of detrital sediment and their corresponding sedimentary rocks?
37. What is lithification?  What two processes go into lithification?
38. What does sediment size indicate about the energy of the environment?
39. What are specific examples of high and low energy environments?
40. What are some chemical sedimentary rocks, and how does each generally form?
41. What are some sedimentary structures found in sedimentary rocks? What do they indicate about sedimentary environments?
42. What are the two main types of metamorphism?  How do they occur
43. What texture is associated with each?
44. What are some examples of foliated textures and the rocks associated with each?
45. What degree of metamorphism is represented by each foliated texture?
46. What are examples of the relationship between parent rock and metamorphic rock?   Examples?
47. What are examples of contact metamorphism?
48. What is hydrothermal metamorphism?  Where might it be found?